Márquez began competing in 2010 in the CEV Buckler 125cc championship with the Monlau Competición team, alongside Álex Rins and Niklas Ajo. He could not start the opening round at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya because he was not yet fourteen years old. In 2011 he finished runner-up to Rins in the championship, 12 points behind. For the 2012 season, which adopted Moto3 regulations, Márquez won two races and took the CEV championship.
Márquez made his world championship début as a wildcard at the 2012 Spanish Grand Prix, finishing twelfth in difficult conditions. He made further wildcard appearances at Estoril and Catalunya before joining Ambrogio Racing full-time from the Indianapolis round, replacing Simone Grotzkyj, and ended the season twentieth overall.
In 2013, racing for the Estrella Galicia 0,0 team on KTM machinery, he took his first podium at the Indianapolis Grand Prix with second place behind Rins, then recorded three consecutive third-place finishes at Silverstone, Misano, and Motorland Aragón before taking his first career victory at the Japanese Grand Prix. He finished fourth in the championship.
For 2014, Márquez and Rins were championship favourites, but Jack Miller of Ajo Motorsport won three of the opening five races to build a 44-point lead. Márquez reduced the deficit with successive wins in Catalunya and the Netherlands. A run of five top-two finishes that included another victory at Motegi moved him into the championship lead. Despite Miller winning two of the final three races, a third-place finish at Valencia gave Márquez the title by two points. In doing so, he and Marc became the first pair of brothers to win world motorcycle racing titles in the same season.
Márquez moved to Moto2 in 2015 with the Estrella Galicia 0,0 Marc VDS team and finished fourteenth. He took his first Moto2 podium in 2016 at the Aragon Grand Prix, finishing the year thirteenth. In 2017 he won his first Moto2 race at the Spanish Grand Prix and ended the season fourth overall. He again finished fourth in 2018 without a race win.
In 2019 Márquez won the Moto2 World Championship, completing a double title year for the Márquez brothers — Marc won the premier class that same season. The 2019 title also made Álex the first rider to win world championships in both Moto3 and Moto2.
For 2020 Márquez joined his brother at Repsol Honda, replacing Jorge Lorenzo, who had retired at the end of 2019. He was dropped by the team after the season, with his seat taken by Pol Espargaró.
Márquez joined LCR Honda Castrol for 2021, partnering Nakagami, and remained with the LCR team for 2022.
From 2023 Márquez moved to the Gresini Racing MotoGP team, initially partnering Fabio Di Giannantonio. In 2025 he was joined by rookie Fermín Aldeguer. That season Márquez finished second in the premier class — a career best — creating a historic first for Grand Prix motorcycle racing: two brothers finishing first and second in the overall championship standings, with Marc Márquez taking the title.
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