Petrov began karting at an early age. He became Russian karting champion in the KF-Junior category in 2014 and won the Russian Cup that same year. In 2015 he competed in the CIK-FIA World Karting Championship in KF-Junior, finishing sixth.
In 2016 Petrov graduated to car racing with DR Formula in the Italian F4 Championship as a guest competitor, ineligible for points, taking two overall podiums and seven rookie podiums from 21 starts. He simultaneously contested the SMP F4 Championship with SMP Racing, scoring 13 points and finishing fifteenth from 13 races.
Remaining with DR Formula for the Italian F4 Championship in 2017, Petrov produced his best season in the category: he won two races at Monza, accumulated nine podiums, one pole position, and six fastest laps, totalling 192 points to finish fifth overall from 21 races. He also appeared in the ADAC Formula 4 Championship that year with three different teams — Lechner Racing, DR Formula, and Van Amersfoort Racing — entering only a limited number of events but winning the championship finale at Hockenheim with Van Amersfoort Racing on his way to fifteenth overall.
Petrov joined Van Amersfoort Racing for the 2018 FIA Formula 3 European Championship and contested the full 30-race season, scoring 7 points and finishing twentieth in the standings.
At the start of 2019 Petrov competed in the Toyota Racing Series in New Zealand with M2 Competition, winning at Hampton Downs and scoring three podiums in total to finish ninth overall from 13 races. He subsequently entered the 2019 Indy Pro 2000 Championship with RP Motorsport for five rounds, finishing fifteenth. He also made two appearances with Jenzer Motorsport in the FIA Formula 3 Championship and two starts with RP Motorsport in Euroformula Open.
Petrov joined Juncos Racing for the 2020 Indy Pro 2000 Championship and delivered his strongest American campaign to date: two wins, one pole position, seven podiums from 17 races, and fourth in the championship with 326 points.
In 2021 he moved to Exclusive Autosport for a second full Indy Pro 2000 season, again winning twice, taking nine podiums from 18 races, and finishing fourth overall with 374 points. The two consecutive fourth-place finishes demonstrated consistent competitiveness at this level without the results required to progress to Indy NXT.
Petrov transitioned to GT competition in 2023, racing in the Italian GT Championship GT3 class with Vincenzo Sospiri Racing and making a single appearance in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup with the same team, as well as entering the Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe.
From 2024 Petrov became a regular with Oregon Team in the International GT Open, finishing twenty-second in 2024 from 14 races and improving to twelfth in 2025 from 14 races with 26 points. He also appeared in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup with GRT Grasser Racing Team in 2024 and VSR in 2025. In 2026 he entered the Italian GT Championship with Oregon Team across both Sprint and Endurance formats.
Across his career through 2025 Petrov recorded 9 wins, 36 podiums, and 3 pole positions from 191 starts.
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