Hadjar began competitive kart racing in 2012, progressing to international competition by 2017 and finishing 22nd at the 2018 Karting World Championship.
His single-seater debut came in the 2019 French F4 Championship, where he recorded his first win at Spa and finished seventh overall, also claiming second in the junior class to Victor Bernier. He returned to French F4 in 2020 with the FFSA Academy. After a winter stint in the F4 UAE Championship with 3Y Technology — finishing as high as fourth and scoring 56 points — he turned in a stronger campaign at home, winning at Paul Ricard twice in the penultimate round and once more in the season's final Paul Ricard round. He finished third in the drivers' standings with 233 points, the highest-placed French driver, with three wins, eight further podiums and two pole positions.
In 2021, Hadjar contested the opening three rounds of the F3 Asian Championship with Evans GP, collecting podiums in Dubai and Yas Marina and finishing sixth overall as the highest-placed part-time entrant. His primary campaign was the Formula Regional European Championship with R-ace GP, alongside Zane Maloney, Léna Bühler and Hadrien David. He took his first series win from pole at Monaco and added further wins at Imola and Monza, finishing fifth in the standings — just four points behind teammate Maloney — and winning the best rookie award.
In 2022, Hadjar raced in the Formula Regional Asian Championship with Hitech Grand Prix, winning at the Dubai Autodrome and again at Abu Dhabi from pole to finish third in the standings.
Hadjar joined Hitech for the 2022 FIA Formula 3 season after a post-season test in November 2021. He won the Sakhir sprint race after original winner Oliver Bearman was penalised for track limits. He took a second sprint win at Silverstone, passing Victor Martins on the penultimate lap, then converted a lights-to-flag pole-to-win in rainy conditions at Spielberg. A crash at the final corner during qualifying at Monza dropped him to 16th on the grid; contact with Kush Maini in the sprint left him 27th. He finished fourth in the Drivers' Championship with three wins, five podiums, one pole and 123 points.
Hadjar returned to Formula 3 for the 2023 Macau Grand Prix with Hitech Pulse-Eight, qualifying fourth for the Qualification Race and finishing ninth and seventh in the Qualification Race and Main Race respectively.
Hadjar joined Hitech Grand Prix for the 2023 FIA Formula 2 season alongside Jak Crawford. He scored points steadily across the season — highlights included a charge from 18th to eighth in the Baku sprint (though demoted to 11th for an infringement) and a seventh in the same event's feature race, and a sixth in Zandvoort after leading a race that was abandoned due to rain and awarded without points. He ended the season 14th in the standings with 55 points, two behind teammate Crawford.
Hadjar moved to Campos Racing alongside fellow Red Bull Junior Team member Pepe Martí. His first Feature Race win came at Melbourne, where he passed multiple cars following a safety car interruption. After that result, Le Parisien described him as "le Petit Prost." He followed it with a second successive Feature Race win at Imola, defending against Gabriel Bortoleto in the dying laps after Oliver Bearman's slow pit stop. A pole at Silverstone was followed by a Feature Race win there after Jak Crawford was penalised for an unsafe release, putting Hadjar into the championship lead. He added a fourth win in Belgium, holding off Bortoleto after the pit stops.
However, a pointless round at Monza and two more scoreless weekends at Baku — where overheating brakes caused a qualifying crash — allowed Bortoleto to pass him in the standings. In Qatar, Hadjar built a three-second sprint lead before his tyres gave out, dropping to fourth. In the feature race he recovered to second, reducing Bortoleto's margin to half a point. In the Abu Dhabi season finale, Hadjar stalled at the start of the feature race; Bortoleto finished second to clinch the title, condemning Hadjar to runner-up with four wins, eight podiums, one pole, one fastest lap and 192 points. On the loss he said: "all that hard work for this to happen, I can't believe it, this is the worst moment of my life."
Red Bull announced Hadjar as a member of the Red Bull Junior Team in June 2021. His FP1 debut came at the 2023 Mexico City Grand Prix with AlphaTauri, where he finished seventeenth — second-highest of five rookies. He also drove for Red Bull in Abu Dhabi practice, again finishing seventeenth.
In 2024, Hadjar drove in FP1 at the British Grand Prix for Red Bull, ending nineteenth. In September he was promoted to reserve driver for both Red Bull and the rebranded Racing Bulls, replacing Liam Lawson as Lawson stepped up following Daniel Ricciardo's departure. Later that year he drove Max Verstappen's RB20 in the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix practice session, finishing fifteenth, and again in the post-season Abu Dhabi rookie test, where his pace — faster than future teammate Yuki Tsunoda — impressed team principal Christian Horner.
Following Lawson's promotion to Red Bull, Hadjar partnered Yuki Tsunoda at Racing Bulls for 2025. He qualified eleventh on debut at the Australian Grand Prix but spun into the barriers on the formation lap and failed to start. He claimed his maiden points finish — eighth — in Japan, now partnered by Lawson after Tsunoda's mid-season move. Highlights through the season included sixth in Monaco (from fifth on the grid), seventh in Spain, and a maiden podium at the Dutch Grand Prix: qualifying fourth, he held position from Charles Leclerc and George Russell before passing the retiring Lando Norris near the end to finish third, becoming the fifth-youngest podium finisher in Formula One history and the first Arab driver to reach the podium. He added points in Azerbaijan (10th), São Paulo (8th) and Las Vegas (6th, benefiting from disqualifications for both McLaren drivers). He finished 12th in the Drivers' Championship with 51 points.
In December 2025, it was announced that Hadjar would replace Yuki Tsunoda at Red Bull Racing alongside Max Verstappen for 2026.
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