Martín won the 2014 Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup. He entered the Moto3 World Championship full-time in 2015 with Mapfre Team Mahindra, scoring 45 points in a debut season. He took his first GP podium in the 2016 Czech Republic rain race, finishing second. Moving to Del Conca Gresini in 2017, he secured nine pole positions that season and took his first Moto3 win at Valencia. In 2018 he won seven races — Qatar, Americas, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Aragon, and Malaysia — accumulated 260 championship points with eleven pole positions, and became world champion. His teammate and runner-up was Fabio Di Giannantonio with 218 points.
He spent two years in Moto2 with Red Bull KTM Ajo, transitioning from KTM machinery in 2019 to Kalex in 2020. In 2020 he won twice — at Austria and at Valencia — and placed fifth in the championship with 160 points.
Martín joined Pramac Racing for his MotoGP debut in 2021. A serious practice crash before the Portuguese Grand Prix kept him out for five rounds. On his return he won the 2021 Styrian Grand Prix — the re-started race following a red flag — earning Pramac their first ever MotoGP victory and becoming one of only three riders in the modern 1000cc era to win in their rookie season. He took four pole positions and finished ninth overall with 111 points, winning Rookie of the Year.
In 2022 he set the all-time lap record at Phillip Island during qualifying, adding four further poles across the season and finishing ninth with 152 points. In 2023 he ran Francesco Bagnaia close for the world title, building a four-win campaign across Germany and San Marino and briefly leading the championship during the Indonesian sprint race before a crash in the main race handed momentum back to Bagnaia. He finished second by 39 points, a personal best at the time.
The 2024 season brought the championship. Martín won the main races in Portugal, France, and Indonesia, plus seven sprint races, and scored points at sixteen of the twenty features. With Bagnaia winning eleven races, the gap between them oscillated for much of the season. At the final round in Barcelona, both riders needed a perfect weekend: Bagnaia won the sprint and the feature from pole, but two third places from Martín were sufficient. Final standings: Martín 508 points, Bagnaia 498. The margin of Martín's title — the first for a satellite Ducati team in the MotoGP era — was ten points.
Having been passed over for the second factory Ducati seat in favour of Marc Márquez, Martín signed a two-year deal with Aprilia Racing, replacing Aleix Espargaró. The 2025 season was heavily disrupted: pre-season testing crashes caused fractures to his left foot and right hand, requiring surgery and missing the first three rounds in Thailand, Argentina, and the Americas. On return at Qatar he was involved in an on-track collision that resulted in 11 fractured ribs, a pneumothorax, and hospitalisation. He eventually returned to competition in 2025 before confirming he would stay with Aprilia for 2026.
His 2026 campaign began with immediate results: a first Aprilia podium at Brazil and a sprint win at COTA that briefly returned him to championship lead. At the French Grand Prix at Le Mans he won both the sprint and the main race — his first back-to-back feature wins since the 2024 Indonesian Grand Prix and his second Le Mans win in three years.
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