Born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Sargeant is the nephew of shipping magnate Harry Sargeant III and the younger brother of former NASCAR driver Dalton Sargeant. He is managed by former racing driver Oliver Gavin through Oliver Gavin Motorsport Management.
Sargeant began motorsport in karting in 2008, competing in Rotax Micro Max classes and later in European series. In 2015 he won the CIK-FIA World KFJ Championship, becoming the first American to win an FIA Karting World Championship title since Lake Speed in 1978. He secured his first senior karting title in the 2016 WSK Champions Cup in the OK class.
In the winter of 2016–17, Sargeant made his single-seater debut in the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Team Motopark, finishing second in the standings behind teammate Jonathan Aberdein. In 2017 he joined Carlin in the F4 British Championship, scoring ten podiums including two race wins at Rockingham and Silverstone, and finishing third behind Oscar Piastri and champion Jamie Caroline.
In 2018, Sargeant moved to the Formula Renault Eurocup with R-ace GP. He won the season-opening race at Circuit Paul Ricard and added victories at the Nürburgring and at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. He finished fourth in the championship behind Yifei Ye, Christian Lundgaard and champion Max Fewtrell, and was the second-highest placed rookie behind Lundgaard.
Sargeant returned to Carlin for the 2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship, scoring points four times and finishing 19th in the standings. At the end of 2019 he competed at the Macau Grand Prix, finishing third in the main race behind Jüri Vips and race winner Richard Verschoor.
For 2020, Sargeant switched to Prema Racing, partnering Frederik Vesti and Piastri. He scored his first FIA F3 victory in the second feature race at Silverstone from pole position, and followed with wins at Spa-Francorchamps. He entered the final round tied with Piastri on 160 points but was eliminated by contact on the opening lap as Piastri won the title. Sargeant finished third in the championship, one point behind Théo Pourchaire and four behind Piastri.
In 2021, Sargeant raced for Charouz Racing System. He took the team's first-ever FIA Formula 3 victory at Sochi Autodrom and also gave Charouz their first podium in the series, finishing seventh in the championship with 102 of the team's 127 points.
Sargeant made his Formula 2 debut in the penultimate round of the 2021 season with HWA Racelab after receiving the backing of Williams. In December 2021 it was announced he would join Carlin for the 2022 Formula 2 Championship alongside Liam Lawson.
In 2022, Sargeant scored his first Formula 2 podium in the Barcelona sprint race and his first feature race podium at Baku, finishing second. At Silverstone he took his first pole position and converted it into his first Formula 2 victory. At the Red Bull Ring, disqualifications and penalties for other drivers elevated him to a second feature race win, moving him to second in the championship. He finished the season fourth with 148 points — one point behind Lawson — having taken two wins, two pole positions and four podiums.
In October 2021, Sargeant joined the Williams Driver Academy. He made his Formula One practice debut at the 2022 United States Grand Prix, becoming the first American driver to take part in a Grand Prix weekend session since Alexander Rossi in 2015. He achieved the necessary Super Licence points at the Abu Dhabi weekend and was confirmed as a 2023 Williams race driver, replacing Nicholas Latifi. He chose car number 2, last used by Stoffel Vandoorne in 2018.
Sargeant qualified 16th for the season opener at Bahrain International Circuit, setting an identical lap time to Lando Norris but missing Q2 as Norris had set his time first. He reached Q2 for the first time at the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, reached Q3 for the first time at the Dutch Grand Prix, and achieved his career best qualifying at the Las Vegas Grand Prix, starting sixth. He retired from the Australian Grand Prix after colliding with Nyck de Vries, withdrew from the Qatar Grand Prix after 40 laps due to heat stroke and dehydration, and was out-qualified by teammate Alex Albon at all twenty-two races of the season.
At the United States Grand Prix, Sargeant started 16th and finished 12th, then was promoted to 10th after the disqualifications of Lewis Hamilton and Charles Leclerc, making him the first American to score a Formula One championship point since Michael Andretti at the 1993 Italian Grand Prix. He finished the season 21st in the championship with one point.
Williams re-signed Sargeant for 2024 alongside Albon. After a series of high-profile accidents — including a heavy crash in practice at the Dutch Grand Prix that prevented him from qualifying — Williams replaced him mid-season with Formula 2 driver Franco Colapinto, with team principal James Vowles stating the decision "gives Williams the best chance to compete for points." His best results of 2024 were a 10th in the Miami sprint and an 11th-place finish at the British Grand Prix, also his best qualifying of the season in 12th.
In 2021, Sargeant raced for Iron Lynx in the GT3 class of the Le Mans Cup, taking two pole positions and two victories. He also raced in the European Le Mans Series with Racing Team Turkey, taking pole position in his LMP2 debut.
In 2025, after a period of reflection following his Formula One stint, Sargeant returned to racing with PR1/Mathiasen Motorsports in the LMP2 class of the IMSA SportsCar Championship. The team finished eighth at the 2025 IMSA Battle on the Bricks and fourth at the 2025 Petit Le Mans. He also participated in an IndyCar test at Thermal Club in October 2024 with Meyer Shank Racing, driving the Dallara DW12.
In January 2026, Sargeant was confirmed to compete in the 2026 24 Hours of Daytona for Era Motorsport in the LMP2 class alongside Jacob Abel, Ferdinand Habsburg and Naveen Rao. On January 15, 2026, he was also confirmed to compete in the 2026 FIA World Endurance Championship for Proton Competition in the Ford Mustang GT3 Evo alongside Stefano Gattuso and Giammarco Levorato. At the same time, he was announced as one of three drivers for Ford Racing's factory LMDh programme for the 2027 FIA World Endurance Championship alongside Sebastian Priaulx and Mike Rockenfeller.
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