De Vries was born on 6 February 1995 in Uitwellingerga, Friesland, Netherlands. He began competitive kart racing aged nine. He won the WSK World Series for the KF3 category and the German Junior Championship in 2008, retained both titles in 2009, and also won the European KF3 Championship that year. He won the Karting World Championship in September 2010 and again in 2011.
De Vries switched to single-seaters in 2012, racing in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 with R-ace GP. He achieved his first podium with a second place at his debut race in Alcañiz and ended the season fifth, beating all teammates. He also scored a victory at his home track in Assen in the Formula Renault 2.0 NEC. In 2013, after switching to Koiranen GP, he won one race each at the Hungaroring and the Circuit de Catalunya and again ended fifth. In 2014 he stayed with Koiranen, won six races, and podiumed in eleven of fourteen races, beating runner-up Dennis Olsen by 254 points to 124 to win the Formula Renault Eurocup. He also won ten of fourteen races in the Alpine Formula Renault season that year.
In 2015, de Vries moved to the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with DAMS, podiuming five times and winning the final race at the Circuito de Jerez to finish third with 160 points behind Oliver Rowland and Matthieu Vaxivière.
In 2016, de Vries competed in the GP3 Series with ART Grand Prix. He scored his first podium at the Red Bull Ring and his first pole in Budapest. He took his first win in the second race at Monza, and repeated at the Yas Marina Circuit at the end of the season. He finished sixth in the championship, behind teammates Charles Leclerc and Alexander Albon, who became champion and vice-champion respectively.
De Vries entered the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2017 with Rapax. He achieved his first win in the Monte Carlo sprint race and scored three further podiums before the summer break, then scored a second place at Spa-Francorchamps after switching to Racing Engineering. He ended the season seventh.
In 2018, de Vries partnered Sean Gelael at Prema Racing. He won sprint races and feature races at Le Castellet, Hungary, and Belgium, but was beaten to the top three in the standings by Alex Albon, Lando Norris, and George Russell.
In 2019, de Vries returned to ART Grand Prix alongside Nikita Mazepin. He won from pole in Monaco, won the main race at Le Castellet, won at Sochi, and secured the championship at the penultimate round. He was crowned Formula 2 champion with four victories in the season.
On 15 March 2018, de Vries signed for Racing Team Nederland to compete in the LMP2 class of the FIA World Endurance Championship. Partnering Giedo van der Garde and Frits van Eerd in the 2019–20 season, de Vries and teammates won the 6 Hours of Fuji, taking the team's first win in the series, and finished fourth in the LMP2 standings.
In 2020, de Vries competed in three rounds of the European Le Mans Series with G-Drive Racing, winning the season finale at Algarve. During the 2022 24 Hours of Le Mans test week, de Vries stepped in for TDS Racing x Vaillante driver Philippe Cimadomo, finishing fourth in class alongside Mathias Beche and Tijmen van der Helm and setting the fastest top-20 average lap time.
On 20 November 2023, de Vries was announced as a primary driver for the No. 7 Toyota Gazoo Racing Hypercar, replacing the outgoing José María López. In 2024, de Vries took his first overall WEC victory at the 6 Hours of Imola, profiting from a strong stint by veteran teammate Kamui Kobayashi. He finished second overall at Le Mans in the same season, taking his first Le Mans podium.
Near the end of 2019, de Vries was announced as a driver for the Mercedes-Benz EQ Formula E Team for the 2019–20 season alongside Stoffel Vandoorne. He scored a single podium, finishing second behind his teammate at the final Berlin ePrix, ending 11th overall with 60 points.
For the 2020–21 season, de Vries qualified on pole for the season-opening Diriyah ePrix and led every lap to take his first series victory. He won again in Valencia, fought for victory in both London ePrix races, and entered the Berlin finale having taken the championship lead. Title rivals Mitch Evans and Edoardo Mortara collided at the start of the final race; de Vries finished eighth to win his first Formula E World Championship. He ended the campaign with two wins, four podiums, and 99 points, seven ahead of vice-champion Mortara.
For the 2021–22 swansong season, de Vries won the first race in Diriyah and ended the season ninth with 106 points. After securing a Formula One contract, he left Mercedes-EQ.
Following his Formula One departure, Mahindra Racing announced de Vries as a driver alongside Mortara for the 2023–24 Formula E season. He continued with Mahindra for 2024–25 alongside Mortara again, missing the Berlin ePrix due to a WEC clash and being replaced by Felipe Drugovich.
De Vries was signed to the McLaren Young Driver Programme in 2010, remaining until before the 2019 season, and to the Audi Sport Racing Academy in 2016 until September 2019. In December 2020, he performed his first Formula One test for Mercedes at the season-ending Young Driver Test, and became one of Mercedes' two reserve drivers the following year.
De Vries made his Formula One practice debut at the 2022 Spanish Grand Prix, driving Alex Albon's Williams car. He later took practice sessions in a Mercedes at the French Grand Prix (in place of Lewis Hamilton) and at the Mexico City Grand Prix (in place of George Russell). In September 2022, he tested the Alpine A521 at the Hungaroring.
At the 2022 Italian Grand Prix, de Vries took over from Alexander Albon at Williams after Albon suffered appendicitis. He qualified 13th, ahead of teammate Nicholas Latifi, and started eighth after grid penalties were applied to other drivers. He finished ninth, scoring points on his race debut, and was voted Driver of the Day.
De Vries was signed by Scuderia AlphaTauri for 2023, replacing Pierre Gasly who left for Alpine. Through ten races he was placed last in the championship without points, while teammate Yuki Tsunoda had scored two. He was released two days after the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, with Daniel Ricciardo replacing him for the remainder of the season. Red Bull motorsport advisor Helmut Marko was among those who publicly criticised his performance before the dismissal.
De Vries took part in an IndyCar test with Meyer Shank Racing at Sebring International Raceway on 6 December 2021, setting the fastest times among four drivers including Hélio Castroneves. In 2024, he made his Super Formula debut with Team Impul, competing in two of the final three rounds at Motegi and Fuji Speedway.
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