Dusio showed early promise as a footballer and played as a midfielder, making three appearances for Juventus in the 1921–22 season. A knee injury ended his playing career, after which he established a textile business that expanded into sporting equipment manufacturing and military uniform supply. His connection to football endured in an administrative capacity: he founded Juventus Organizzazione Sportiva Anonima (O.S.A.) in 1941, ran it until 1943, and was appointed club president in 1942, resigning in 1948 upon his departure for Argentina.
Dusio made his motorsport debut at the Mille Miglia in 1929 and competed until 1938. His best personal result was a class victory in a Siata 500cc car in 1937. In 1936 he established the Scuderia Torino and entered the Italian Grand Prix at the wheel of a Maserati 6C-34, finishing sixth behind Bernd Rosemeyer, Tazio Nuvolari, Ernst von Delius, René Dreyfus, and Carlo Pintacuda. He had previously competed in the 1935 European Championship season with the Scuderia Subalpina, driving a Maserati 8CM.
Dusio's most significant contribution to motorsport came as a constructor. During the war years he organised a miniature car factory, accumulated materials including chrome-molybdenum steel, and developed plans for both a road car and a racing car based on the Fiat 508C engine. When peace came, the organisation was ready. He commissioned Dante Giacosa of Fiat — designer of the Fiat 500 Topolino — to develop the racing car, with young designer Giovanni Savonuzzi contributing to the technical work and Piero Taruffi hired as chief of development, team manager, and test driver.
Dusio founded the Consorzio Industriale Sportiva Italia in 1944, subsequently known as Cisitalia. The circle of collaborators was remarkable, including Carlo Abarth, Rudolf Hruska, and Ferry Porsche. The resulting single-seater, the D46 — named for Dusio and the year 1946 — used a tuned Fiat 1100 engine in a space-frame chassis with independent front suspension. Between 30 and 40 examples were built. On the road car side, the Cisitalia 202 coupe designed by Battista "Pinin" Farina became a landmark in automotive body design, entering the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
The inaugural race outing for the D46 came at the Coppa Brezzi, run as a supporting event to the 1946 Turin Grand Prix at the Circuito del Parco del Valentino on 3 September 1946 before 50,000 spectators. Dusio fielded an all-star entry including Tazio Nuvolari, Raymond Sommer, Piero Taruffi, and Louis Chiron. The race produced the famous episode in which Nuvolari's steering wheel detached from the shaft — a hinge on the detachable wheel broke — and the ageing champion steered for a lap using only the lower spoke while waving the wheel at the crowd. When Sommer and Taruffi subsequently retired with mechanical problems, Dusio inherited the lead and won the race himself, giving him the singular satisfaction of being the driver to score Cisitalia's first victory.
Continued investment in the ambitious 202MM sports-prototype project brought Cisitalia close to bankruptcy by 1947. Dusio responded by relocating to Argentina, where he founded Autoar (Automotores Argentinos) S.A.I.C. on 22 March 1949, an enterprise with financial backing from Juan Perón. His son Carlo remained in Turin to restructure Cisitalia, and father and son continued managing the company together until 1964. In 1960 Dusio established Cisitalia Argentina Industrial y Comercial SA in Buenos Aires, producing cars including the Cisitalia 750.
Dusio made one attempt to enter the Formula One World Championship, entering the 1952 Italian Grand Prix with a Cisitalia D46, but engine problems in practice prevented him from setting a qualifying time. He died in Buenos Aires on 7 November 1975.