Arbolino entered the Moto3 World Championship in 2017 with Sic58 Squadra Corse, partnering Tatsuki Suzuki, but scored only two points across the season. Moving to the Marinelli Snipers Team for 2018, he took his first pole position at Termas de Rio Hondo in Argentina and added another at Valencia, finishing 18th in the standings.
His trajectory sharpened in 2019, when Arbolino secured his first career podium in Argentina and two victories — his debut win at Mugello and a second triumph at Assen — alongside further podium appearances. He ended the year fourth in the championship. The 2020 season brought the most significant result of his Moto3 career: Arbolino ran consistently at the front throughout the year, claiming multiple podiums and a victory at the Valencian Community Grand Prix in Valencia, the penultimate round, finishing second in the 2020 Moto3 World Championship.
Arbolino graduated to Moto2 in 2021 with Liqui Moly Intact GP. His debut intermediate-class season was mixed, with four top-ten finishes and a personal best of fourth at the French Grand Prix, leaving him 14th in the final standings.
For 2022, he joined the Elf Marc VDS Racing Team. His debut at Qatar produced a front-row start, and Arbolino scored his first Moto2 victory at the Grand Prix of the Americas. He went on to take three wins and five podiums across the season, ending the year fourth in the championship.
The 2023 season placed Arbolino at the heart of the Moto2 title fight. He led the championship heading into the summer break, winning three races and accumulating eight podiums across the year. However, Pedro Acosta ultimately proved the stronger force, and Arbolino finished second in the championship — his second vice-champion result across two classes.
The 2024 season was considerably more difficult. Arbolino struggled for consistency in the first half of the year and found himself outside the top ten regularly. A podium at Aragón and a maiden Moto2 pole position at Misano stood as the highlights, but the overall package was not competitive. Elf Marc VDS Racing Team did not retain him for 2025.
Arbolino joined Pramac Racing's Moto2 project for 2025 alongside Izan Guevara, riding a Boscoscuro machine. He opened the year with a podium — second place at the Grand Prix of the Americas — but struggled to adapt to the unfamiliar chassis across the remainder of the season, ending 18th, his weakest Moto2 campaign. For 2026, he switched to the Fantic Racing Lino Sonego team, riding a Kalex, aiming to return to the competitive form that made him a championship contender in 2023.
Arbolino occupies a distinctive position in the modern Moto2 era as one of the class's more naturally talented wet-weather performers and a genuine title contender in 2023. His two runner-up finishes across Moto3 and Moto2 mark him as a racer who reached the highest levels without converting his speed into a world title. His career across multiple factory-backed and privateer Moto2 operations reflects both his durability and the competitive demands of converting pace into championship wins at the intermediate level.