Patterson was born on 18 August 2003. He began his competitive career in karting in 2011, making his debut at the Trent Valley Kart Club.
Patterson established himself in national karting championships during 2015, winning both the Super 1 National and the Formula Kart Stars series. In 2016, he secured victory at the Kartmasters British Grand Prix competing in the Rotax Mini Max class.
His most successful competitive year occurred in 2017. During this season, he triumphed in the Trofeo delle Industrie and won the Junior Karting World Championship on his first attempt. He continued in karts for two additional seasons, notably winning the WSK Super Master Series in 2019.
In 2020, Patterson made his debut in single-seater racing. He participated in a one-off appearance during the opening round of the Formula 4 UAE Championship with Xcel Motorsport. He finished all three races in point-scoring positions, ending the brief campaign 12th in the standings.
For his primary 2020 campaign, Patterson joined Bhaitech in the Italian F4 Championship, partnering Jesse Salmenautio, Zdeněk Chovanec, and Sebastian Øgaard. He started the season with points in all three races at Misano and a ninth-place finish at Imola. However, these eight points were his only scores of the year as the team dealt with reliability issues. Patterson finished 22nd in the overall championship and 15th in the Rookies' standings.
In 2021, Patterson moved into the BRDC British Formula 3 Championship with Douglas Motorsport. He achieved his first podium with a third-place finish at Brands Hatch in only his third race of the season. Later that year, he made a guest appearance in the Formula Regional European Championship for Monolite Racing at Spa-Francorchamps, replacing Jasin Ferati. In his second start in the category, he finished seventh, scoring his first points and the first points of the year for the Monolite team.
Patterson's 2021 BRDC British Formula 3 campaign was marked by a significant controversy during the second round at Silverstone. Following a collision with Bryce Aron in the second race, Patterson was involved in an altercation in the paddock. This resulted in his disqualification from the first two races and total exclusion from the third race of the weekend. Although he returned at Donington Park to secure three top-ten finishes, he withdrew from the subsequent round at Spa-Francorchamps and finished the season 21st in the standings.
Patterson moved to the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) in 2022, driving an Infiniti Q50 for Laser Tools Racing as teammate to Aiden Moffat. During his debut season, he finished 23rd in the overall standings with five points. In the Jack Sears Trophy, he achieved nine class podiums to finish sixth in that category. For the 2023 season, Patterson transferred to Team HARD to drive a Cupra León.
Patterson's early career was defined by his rapid ascent through the karting ranks, highlighted by his world championship title in 2017. His transition to cars saw him recognized by the Sauber Junior Team, which signed him to its karting division in 2019. He was confirmed as part of the Sauber academy upon moving to single-seaters in 2020, though he was released from the programme in February 2021. In the BRDC British Formula 3 Championship, he was one of 19 different drivers to achieve a podium finish during the 2021 season.
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